Ingilazi isibe yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yesimanje kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimboni. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zayo eziningi,ingilazi engenasimoivelele ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola okuyisisekeloizici zengilazinokuthi kungani beyenza ibe yigugu kangaka ezinhlelweni zokusebenza kusukela ku-izitsha zeglasi zokupakishaukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo kanye nokukhanya.
Kuyini Ingilazi?
Ingilazi iyinto ekhethekileokuqinile okungeyona ikristaluNgokungafani nezinto ezikristalu, isakhiwo sayo sama-molecule asilandeli iphethini ehlelwe ibanga elide kodwa kunalokho sibonisa ukuhleleka kwebanga elifushane okufana noketshezi.
Ngokwesiko, ingilazi yakhiwa ngokupholisa isisombululo esincibilikisiwe. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ingakhiqizwa futhi ngokusebenzisaizindlela zokungancibilikisi, njengokufakwa kwesigaba soketshezi, i-hydrolysis, noma i-irradiation. Ezingeni elincane kakhulu, ingilazi ayinayo i-lattice evamile, kodwa esikalini esikhulu, ibonisa izakhiwo zemishini ezifana namakristalu—isibonelo, ubuso bayo bokuqhekeka buvame ukubonisa iphethini efana negobolondo.
Izici Ezine Eziyinhloko Zengilazi
1. Isotropy
Ingilazi iyintoizinto ze-isotropic, okusho ukuthi inezakhiwo ezifanayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
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Amandla, i-elastic modulus, ukwanda kokushisa, i-thermal conductivity, i-refractive index, kanye ne-electrical conductivity zihlala zifana kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziqondiswa kuphi.
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Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinto ezikristalu zivame ukubonisa i-anisotropy kuye ngokuthi i-orientation injani.
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Kodwa-ke, uma kukhona ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, i-isotropy ingaphazamiseka, okuholela ezimweni ezifana ne-birefringence.
Inzuzo:Lokhu kushintshashintsha kwenza ingilazi ithembeke kakhulu futhi izinze ezindaweni ezifana nokukhanya, ukupakishwa kokudla, kanye nokugcinwa kwamakhemikhali.
2. Ukusimama kwe-Metastability
Ingilazi ikhona ku-isimo esizinzile.
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Ngokombono we-thermodynamic, izinga layo lamandla liphakeme kunele-crystalline solid.
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Ngokombono we-kinetic, ngenxa ye-viscosity yayo ephezulu kakhulu ekushiseni kwegumbi, ayikwazi ukuguquka ibe yikristalu ngokuzenzakalelayo.
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Kungaphansi kwezimo ezithile kuphela, lapho isithiyo samandla okusebenza sokwakheka kwekristalu sinqotshiwe, lapho ingilazi ingakhazimula khona.
Inzuzo:Ukukwazi ukugaya kahle kunikeza ingilazi ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu isikhathi eside, okuvumela ukuthi igcine izakhiwo zayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokugcina. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ezenza izitsha zengilazi zilungele ukugcina ukudla neziphuzo.
3. Ukuguquguquka okuqhubekayo kokwakheka kanye nezakhiwo
Ukwakheka kwengilazi kungahlukahluka ngokuqhubekayo ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuthile, futhi izakhiwo zayo ziyashintsha ngokufanele.
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Ngokungafani nezinto eziqinile zekristalu, ezidinga izilinganiso ze-athomu eziqinile, ingilazi inikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekwakhiweni.
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Ngokulungisa ukwakheka kwayo, ingilazi ingafinyelela izakhiwo ezahlukene, njengokucaca okuphezulu, ukumelana ne-asidi ne-alkali, noma ukumelana nokushaqeka okuthuthukisiwe kokushisa.
Inzuzo:Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenza ingilazi ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, kusukelaamabhodlela ewayini kanye nezimbiza zokudlakuya ezingxenyeni ezithuthukisiwe ze-optical neze-elekthronikhi.
4. Ukuguquka Okuqhubekayo Phakathi Kokuqinile Nokuncibilika
Ingilazi idlula kuushintsho oluhamba kancane kancanephakathi kwezimo eziqinile nezincibilikisiwe.
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Izinto ezicwebezelayo ziyaqina ekushiseni okulinganiselwe, okubonisa izinguquko zesakhiwo ngokuzumayo.
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Nokho, ingilazi ayinawo iphuzu lokuncibilika elibukhali. Esikhundleni salokho, iyathamba ebangeni lokushisa, elaziwa ngokuthiububanzi bokuthambisa.
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Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlu, ishintsha kusuka ekuguqukeni kwepulasitiki iye ekuguqukeni kokunwebeka ngaphandle kokukhiqiza isigaba esisha sekristalu.
Inzuzo:Lokhu kuguquka kancane kancane kwenza ingilazi ilula ukuyicubungula nokuyibumba ibe yizitsha eziningi, njengeamabhodlela ewayini, amabhodlela eziphuzo, amabhodlela okugcoba, amabhodlela oju, kanye nezingilazi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.
Isiphetho
Ngamafuphi, ingilazi ichazwa yizici ezine ezibalulekile:
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Isotropy— izakhiwo ezifanayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
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Ukuzinza— okungazinzile ngokwe-thermodynamic kodwa okuzinzile ngokwe-kinetic.
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Ukwehlukahluka okuqhubekayo kokwakheka kanye nezakhiwo— eguquguqukayo futhi eguquguqukayo.
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Ukuguquka okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezimo eziqinile neziwuketshezi— kulula ukuyibumba nokuyicubungula.
Noma iyiphi into ehlangabezana nalezi zici ezine ezibalulekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yakhiwe ngamakhemikhali angakanani, ingabhekwa njengengilazi. Ukuqonda lezi zinto eziyingqayiziveleizakhiwo zengilaziakugcini nje ngokujulisa ulwazi lwethu lwesayensi kodwa futhi kugcizelela ukuthi kungani ingilazi iyinto eguquguqukayo kangaka empilweni yansuku zonke nasezimbonini zanamuhla.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-05-2025