Amabhodlela engilazifuthi amabhodlela ayizitsha ezenziwe ngengilazi, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziselwa ukugcina nokuthutha izinto ezahlukene. Ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwazo okuhlukene kanye nokuma, amabhodlela engilazi namabhodlela angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana:
- Amabhodlela engilazi ajwayelekile: uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwebhodlela lengilazi, oluvame ukusetshenziselwa ukugcina ukudla, iziphuzo, izidakamizwa, nezinye izinto.
- Amabhodlela engilazi athambile: ngemuva kokwelashwa okukhethekile, amandla awo kanyeukumelana nomthelelaingathuthukiswa, ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukugcina izinto ezibuthakathaka noma ezimweni ezinengozi yengilazi ephukile.
- Amabhodlela engilazi e-vacuum: afakweizindandatho zokuvalakanye namadivayisi akhipha umoya emlonyeni webhodlela, angagcina isimo se-vacuum ngaphakathi, ngokuvamile esisetshenziselwa ukugcina izinto ezivame ukubola noma ukubola.
- Amabhodlela engilazi anezivalo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi: isivalo nomzimba webhodlela kuhlanganisiwe, ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa izinto zokupakisha ezidinga ukupakishwa okuvaliwe, njengemithi.
- Amabhodlela engilazi okuhlobisa: avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa,ukuhlelwa kwezimbali, kanye nezinye izinjongo, ngezimo nemibala ehlukahlukene engenziwa ngokwezifiso njengoba kudingeka.
- Amanye amabhodlela engilazi akhethekile: njengamabhodlela e-reagent amakhemikhali,amabhodlela kawoyela abalulekile, amabhodlela ephunga, njll., aklanywe futhi akhiqizwa ngokwezici nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezahlukene.
- Phakathi kwazo, amabhodlela engilazi ajwayelekile angahlukaniswa ngombala, njengombala onsundu wewayini elibomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka webhiya, oluhlaza okotshani we-olive, njalo njalo.
IShayina yayisivele isebenzisa amapayipi okuqhuma ukwenza izitsha zengilazi ezingenalutho ngesikhathi seTang kanyeAmakhosi engoma.
Amabhodlela engilazi asetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokupakisha iziphuzo, iziphuzo ezidakayo, imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, izidakamizwa, izinto zemfundo, kanye nezimonyo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto zokupakisha, amabhodlela engilazi anezinzuzo ezifana nokucaca, ukuhlanza okulula, ukuzinza okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali, ukungangcoliswa kokuqukethwe, ukuqina komoya okuhle, ukusebenza kahle kokugcina, ukuma okuhlukahlukene kanye nokuhlobisa, kanye nokuphinde kusetshenziswe. Kodwa-ke, ukungalungi kwamabhodlela engilazi ubuthakathaka bawo kanye nesisindo esinzima. Noma kunjalo, ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, lokhu kungalungi kuyaxazululwa kancane kancane.
Imvelaphi yemboni yengilazi yesimanje ingalandelelwa emuva phakathi kuka-1904 no-1908. I-Shanghai Jinghua Glass Factory, eyasungulwa ngo-1931, yayiyimboni yokuqala eShayina ukukhiqiza amabhodlela engilazi namabhodlela njalo isebenzisa ama-oven echibini avuselelayo amakamelo omlilo anjenge-cross fire kanye ne-horseshoe kanye nemishini yokwenza amabhodlela okuzenzakalelayo. Ngawo-1950, iShayina yakha izimboni eziningi ezinkulu zokwenza amabhodlela zesimanje. Ngawo-1980, intuthuko enkulu ekukhiqizweni kwamabhodlela engilazi kwaba ukulinganisa okulula kwamabhodlela engilazi, okwasindisa izinto zokusetshenziswa, uphethiloli, isivinini sokukhiqiza esandisiwe, kanye nezindleko zokuhamba ezincishisiwe. Ngawo-2010, izimboni zethu zase ziqongelele amashumi eminyaka olwazi lokukhiqiza, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezithuthukisiwe nezithuthukisiwe, futhi amabhodlela ethu engilazi ayengasenazo izinsimbi ezisindayo njenge-lead kanye ne-mercury. Ngokuthuthuka kwemboni yonke,izici zezempiloamabhodlela engilazi nawo abonisiwe, futhi imikhiqizo yethu ingene ezinhlwini zemikhiqizo ekhululiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo,ifektri yethuukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa njaloifomula yezinto zokusetshenziswaamabhodlela engilazi ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho, okwenza amabhodlela ethu engilazi abonakale kakhudlwana futhi angabi nakungcola okunombala. Ngemva kokudlula kumshini wokuhambisa amanzi nokupholisa ongamamitha angu-500 ubude, amabhodlela engilazi aphola ngokwemvelo, okwenza abe aqinile, aqine, futhi aphephe kunamabhodlela engilazi afanayo. Emikhiqizweni yethu, siqale indlela yokuhlukanisa izinto zokusetshenziswa, okuyinto ehlukile embonini. Sisebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukene zamabhodlela engilazi ahlukene, ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile, kanye nezimo ezahlukene, okwenza imikhiqizo engacindezeleki njengamabhodlela e-champagne, amabhodlela kabhiya, namabhodlela eziphuzo angacindezeleki kakhudlwana, imikhiqizo ephezulu efana namabhodlela ewayini namabhodlela ephunga ibonakale kakhudlwana futhi ibukeke kahle, izinkomishi zamanzi neminye imikhiqizo ivumelane kalulaizinguquko zokushisa ezisheshayo, kanye nezimbiza zikakhukhamba ezishibhile ezingabizi kakhulu, okunciphisa izindleko zokusebenzisa. Umgomo wethu ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo engcono ngentengo ephansi sisebenzisa izindlela ezingcono.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamabhodlela engilazi namabhodlela kungahluka kuye ngezidingo zokusetshenziswa,izindlela zokubumba,isivinini sokubumba,izici zenqubo, kanye nezinhlobo zezinto zokusetshenziswa. Amabhodlela amaningi namabhodlela enziwe ngengilazi ye-soda-lime-silica. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zengilazi ye-soda-lime-silica yi-SiO2, Na2O, kanye ne-CaO. Ukwengeza inani elifanele le-Al2O3 kanye ne-MgO kunganciphisa ukuthambekela kwengilazi ekukhanyeni, kuthuthukise ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali kanyeamandla omshiniyengilazi, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukubumbeka kwengilazi. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamabhodlela engilazi e-soda-lime namabhodlela emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele yi-SiO2 70-74%, i-CaO kanye ne-MgO 10-14%, i-Na2O kanye ne-K2O 13-16%, kanye ne-Al2O3 1.5-2.5%. Lapho kukhiqizwa amabhodlela engilazi angenambala namabhodlela, okuqukethwe yi-Fe2O3 kuisihlabathi se-quartzkuphansi kakhulu (ngokuvamile cishe ku-0.03%). Ukwengeza i-Cr2O3 kanye ne-Fe2O3 kuzokwenza ingilazi evamile ye-soda-lime ibonakale iluhlaza okotshani, kuyilapho ukwengeza i-sulfur-carbon noma i-MnO2 kanye ne-Fe2O3 kuzokwenza ingilazi ibonakale insundu. Ingilazi ye-borosilicate ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhodlela namabhodlela emithi ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali. Amabhodlela ezimonyo aphezulu ngokuvamile enziwa ngengilazi yekristalu equkethe i-lead, i-barium, noma i-zinc, kanti amanye enziwe ngengilazi yobisi kusetshenziswa i-fluoride njengezinto ezivulayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-06-2023