Njengamanje, ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo embalwa esezingeni eliphansi kanye nemikhiqizo ngayinye emakethe, imikhiqizo eminingi inomklamo wayo wokupakisha okhethekile, ongagcini nje ngokukhuthaza ukukhushulwa kwentengo yomkhiqizo, kodwa futhi nokugqama emikhiqizweni encintisanayo futhi udale izinzuzo ezingcono.
1 Ithonya lezinto zokupakisha iwayini ewayinini
1.1 Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezinto zokupakisha iwayini
Ukupakisha utshwala ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa ukupakisha kwangaphandle kanye nokupakisha kwangaphakathi. Izinhlobo zezinto zokupakisha zangaphandle zifaka iphepha, ipulasitiki, insimbi kanye nokhuni; izinhlobo zezinto zokupakisha zangaphakathi zifaka ipulasitiki, ingilazi, ukhuni kanye nobumba; ngaphezu kwalokho, ukupakisha iwayini okwakusetshenziswa ezikhathini zasendulo nakho kuyindlela entsha, kanti ubumba, imikhiqizo yejade kanye nemikhiqizo yekristalu nakho kuyasetshenziswa. Kusetshenziswa ekupakisheni iwayini.
1.2 Ithonya lezinto zokupakisha iwayini ewayinini
Nakuba izinto zokupakisha zangaphandle zewayini zingathintani ngqo newayini, ithonya lazo ewayinini alinakwa.
1.2.1 Ephaketheni langaphandle, iphepha liyizinto zokupakisha ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi izingozi zalo ezifihliwe azinakwa. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi amakhemikhali anjengezinto ezivimbela ukuvuza, izinto zokulinganisa, nezinto zokugcwalisa kudingeka engezwe epanini ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza iphepha.
(yenza iphepha lingabonakali), i-bleach, amadayi, njll. I-ejenti evimbela ukuvuza kwamanzi ikakhulukazi insipho ye-rosin; i-filler yi-kaolin, i-calcium carbonate, i-titanium dioxide, i-zinc sulfide, i-barium sulfate kanye ne-magnesium silicate; i-ejenti ebangela ukuvuza yi-calcium hypochlorite, i-hypochlorous acid, i-sodium peroxide kanye ne-hydrogen peroxide, njll.; i-ejenti yokudaya Sebenzisa amadayi ancibilika emanzini kanye nemibala. Iningi lezinto ezincibilikile ephepheni livela ezintweni zamakhemikhali ezifana nezengezo ze-pulp. Phakathi kwamadayi, izinsimbi ezisekelwe ku-cadmium zisetshenziswa kakhulu kubomvu, kanti izinsimbi ezisekelwe ku-lead zisetshenziswa kakhulu kuphuzi, ezingancibilika futhi kumazinga aphansi (izinga le-mg/L) futhi zibangele izifo. Izinsimbi ezisindayo azikwazi ukubola, ngokuphambene nalokho, zingacebiswa izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ngaphansi kokukhulisa i-bio yeketanga lokudla, futhi ekugcineni zingene emzimbeni womuntu. Izinsimbi ezisindayo zingasebenzisana kakhulu namaprotheni nama-enzyme emzimbeni womuntu, zizenze zingasebenzi, futhi zingase ziqongelelane ezithweni ezithile zomzimba womuntu, okuholela ebuthi obungapheli. Izinto zokufaka imibala ephepheni ziqukethe amadayi anobuthi obukhanyayo, iphepha le-wax liqukethe ama-monomers asele, kanti amanye ama-wax aqukethe ama-carcinogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-formaldehyde esetshenziswa kuma-antifungal agents noma ekucubungulweni kwe-resin nayo ingancibilikiswa emikhiqizweni yephepha.
1.2 Ithonya lezinto zokupakisha iwayini ewayinini
Nakuba izinto zokupakisha zangaphandle zewayini zingathintani ngqo newayini, ithonya lazo ewayinini alinakwa.
1.2.1 Ephaketheni langaphandle, iphepha liyizinto zokupakisha ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi izingozi zalo ezifihliwe azinakwa. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi amakhemikhali anjengezinto ezivimbela ukuvuza, izinto zokulinganisa, nezinto zokugcwalisa kudingeka engezwe epanini ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza iphepha.
(yenza iphepha lingabonakali), i-bleach, amadayi, njll. I-ejenti evimbela ukuvuza kwamanzi ikakhulukazi insipho ye-rosin; i-filler yi-kaolin, i-calcium carbonate, i-titanium dioxide, i-zinc sulfide, i-barium sulfate kanye ne-magnesium silicate; i-ejenti ebangela ukuvuza yi-calcium hypochlorite, i-hypochlorous acid, i-sodium peroxide kanye ne-hydrogen peroxide, njll.; i-ejenti yokudaya Sebenzisa amadayi ancibilika emanzini kanye nemibala. Iningi lezinto ezincibilikile ephepheni livela ezintweni zamakhemikhali ezifana nezengezo ze-pulp. Phakathi kwamadayi, izinsimbi ezisekelwe ku-cadmium zisetshenziswa kakhulu kubomvu, kanti izinsimbi ezisekelwe ku-lead zisetshenziswa kakhulu kuphuzi, ezingancibilika futhi kumazinga aphansi (izinga le-mg/L) futhi zibangele izifo. Izinsimbi ezisindayo azikwazi ukubola, ngokuphambene nalokho, zingacebiswa izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ngaphansi kokukhulisa i-bio yeketanga lokudla, futhi ekugcineni zingene emzimbeni womuntu. Izinsimbi ezisindayo zingasebenzisana kakhulu namaprotheni nama-enzyme emzimbeni womuntu, zizenze zingasebenzi, futhi zingase ziqongelelane ezithweni ezithile zomzimba womuntu, okuholela ebuthi obungapheli. Izinto zokufaka imibala ephepheni ziqukethe amadayi anobuthi obukhanyayo, iphepha le-wax liqukethe ama-monomers asele, kanti amanye ama-wax aqukethe ama-carcinogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-formaldehyde esetshenziswa kuma-antifungal agents noma ekucubungulweni kwe-resin nayo ingancibilikiswa emikhiqizweni yephepha.
2 Isiphetho
Njengamanje, amazwe amaningi emhlabeni afunda ukusetshenziswa kokupakisha okuluhlaza nokusebenzisa izinto zokupakisha ezingenabo ubuthi nezingenangozi. Ekuhwebeni kokudla kwamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe asungule imithetho nezindinganiso ezifanele ukuvikela impilo yabathengi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi badlala indima ebalulekile ekuphepheni kokudla. Abantu bathembele ekudleni ukuze baphile, futhi ukuphepha kokudla kuhlobene kakhulu nawo wonke umthengi, futhi ukuphepha kokudla sekuyinto ebalulekile. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezindinganiso zokuphila zabantu kanye nentuthuko esheshayo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukugxila kwabantu ekuphepheni kokudla akugcini nje ngokukhawulelwa enkingeni yokudla uqobo, kodwa futhi nezinkinga zokuphepha kokudla ezingase zibangelwe izinto nemikhiqizo ehlangana nokudla sezithandwa kakhulu. Enye yezinto okufanele ziqashelwe. Izikhathi ezivame kakhulu, njengezingubo ezikhethekile ezicebile, izinyibilikisi ezisekelwe ku-benzene ezikhwameni zokupakisha ukudla, nezinye izinkinga zokuphepha zivuse ukukhathazeka nokukhathazeka okusabalele kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila.
Phakathi kwezinto zokupakisha iwayini, amabhodlela ewayini engilazi asetshenziswa njengezitsha, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo sekuvuthiwe. Amabhodlela ewayini e-ceramic azowohloka ngenxa yezici ezifana nokubhoboka kanye nokumuncwa kwamanzi. I-Bone china inomuncwa wamanzi ophansi kanye nokubhoboka okuncane, futhi ingasetshenziswa ekupakisheni iwayini. Imikhiqizo yepulasitiki okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla isetshenziswe kabanzi ekupakisheni iwayini, kodwa yonke inezinzuzo zayo kanye nokungalungi kwayo, futhi izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ze-polymer zingalungisa ukushiyeka ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezahlukene ze-polymer. Njengesikhungo socwaningo lwesayensi, kufanele siqinise ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha zokupakisha iwayini, sithole izinto zokupakisha ezifanele, sinikeze izihloko zobungcweti ezingcono zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yewayini, futhi sivumele isiko lewayini elihlala isikhathi eside ukuba lisakazeke ezweni laseShayina.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-14-2022